Mathematicians rely on numbers, but finding words to explain different levels of certainty has stymied everyone from the ...

Probability theory constitutes the mathematical framework for quantifying uncertainty and analysing random phenomena. Its foundations lie in measure theory, where a probability space is defined as a ...

Editor’s Note: Published in 1959, this article comes from Martin Gardner’s legendary Scientific American column Mathematical Games. Read more classic Mathematical Games articles in our 2024 special ...

THE subject of probability originated in the consideration of actual but trivial problems. Its obvious attractions as a field for the exercise of mathematical ingenuity soon gave it a predominantly ...