1. Close-loop wallet for merchants - An exclusive digital payment system for transactions within a specified ecosystem, such as a specific brand, store, or service provider, is referred to as a closed ...

An ecosystem-specific digital payment system called a "closed-loop wallet" enables consumers to make purchases solely from one brand, retailer, or service provider. Users can add money to their ...

Figure 1. A closed-circuit cooler. Photos courtesy of Evapco. It’s a common question during the early design phase of large mechanical systems: Is open- or closed-loop cooling equipment better suited ...